Can LLMs Discover Novel Economic Theories?
A $25 pipeline generated 257 economic theories and independently converged on the same mechanism a human researcher published months later — not as a curiosity, but as a stress test for every organization currently spending on AI-powered generation. When the cost of producing candidates collapses to noise, the constraint shifts entirely to knowing which candidates are good. That's the connection to tokenmaxxing: both stories are about the same missing layer, the scoring infrastructure that converts output volume into output value. The Karpathy Loop works precisely because it starts with a measurable metric and a stopping criterion — the constraint is the insight, not the generation. Organizations that build deterministic scoring architecture now, with LLM judgment in a minority role, will compound their lead; the ones optimizing for generation throughput are manufacturing commodities at scale.